Journal of the National Congress of Historians
type: channel
description: "Journal of the National Congress of Historians is an international peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes articles devoted to the in-depth study of the history of Kazakhstan, its surrounding regions, and regions that have influenced the development of culture in this area. The publication seeks to identify and analyze the historical interrelationships, cultural exchange, mutual influences and transformations that have shaped the unique face of Kazakhstan's history and its position in a broader global perspective. Founded by the National Congress of Historians, the journal works in close cooperation with a wide range of specialists representing different academic schools and traditions. A rigorous peer-review procedure focused academic integrity and scientific objectivity is designed to guarantee the high quality and relevance of published materials. The mission of the journal is to create a professional, intellectually rich platform for scholars engaged in interdisciplinary studies of historical processes that have determined socio-political, economic, cultural and ideological changes in Kazakhstan and its surrounding regions. The publication encourages both in-depth local research and comprehensive comparative analysis, taking into account the impact of cultural contacts, migrations, economic ties, intellectual exchanges, and political transformations. The Journal of the National Congress of Historians pays special attention to expanding the boundaries of historical knowledge, combining domestic and international approaches, as well as attracting new theoretical and methodological tools for the disclosure of historical subjects. The journal publishes original research, reviews, discussion articles and reviews that contribute to the formation of a holistic understanding of the regional past and its diverse aspects, reflecting the specificity of the historical development of Kazakhstan. Founder and publisher: Public Association “National Congress of Historian…
publisher: National Congress of Historians Public Association
language: en
publication name: Journal of the National Congress of Historians
issn: 3105-0042
items: Political and administrative changes in Kazakhstan during the first quarter of the 20th century
items: Merged Agencies: State, Ethnography, and Native Intelligentsia in the Early Soviet Central Asian Nation-Building
items: The role of Amanzhol Bulekpaev in the establishment of Akmola as the new capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1994-1997)
items: Tribalism as a Mode of Political Adaptation under Soviet Modernization in Kazakhstan
items: Investment cooperation between Kyrgyzstan and China at the present stage
items: Embassy relations between Kazakhstan and Russia in the 1700s–1720s.
items: “Nomadic” Complexes of the Period of the Hunnic Conquests in the Republic of Kazakhstan
items: The Role of Soviet Citizens Arriving from the PRC in the Development of Kazakhstan’s Virgin Lands in the 1950s
items: Historical and Ethnographic Aspects of Northern Kazakhstan in the Travel Notes of I. Ya. Slovtsov
items: On renaming streets of settlements of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period from 1994 to 2024 (the first half of the year)
items: Mechanisms of assimilation of the Kipchaks in Hungary in the 13th-18th centuries
items: Fragmentation and emotionality of collective memory in modern Kazakhstan
items: Manifestations of Religious Influences in Turkic Culture and Manuscript Sources: The Cases of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism
items: Education and science in the Golden horde during the reign of khan Tokhtamysh (1380–1395)
items: The role of the Katwan and Talas Kurultai in the military-political confrontation between Kaidu and Borak in the second half of the 60s of the 13th century
items: Kyrgyz People in the History of the Golden Horde
items: The Legacy of the Great Steppe in the politics of historical memory of Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan
items: Nogais and cumans: continuity in culture, tribal structure, genetics, and anthropology
items: Discussion about the ethnonyms «Kazakh» and «Kirghiz» on the pages of the pre-revolutionary Astrakhan newspaper «Idel
items: Uraz-Muhammed in the Context of Kazakh‑Russian Relations at the End of the 16th Century
items: Orphanages in Central Kazakhstan in the 1940s: Health Conditions and Sanitary Living Standards of the Children
items: The natural and climatic factors in the history of the Golden Horde and the Successor States
items: Ethnopolitical position of the Karakalpaks in the Kazakh khanates in the 17th - early 18th centuries
items: Controversial Issues in the Biography of Sultan Ghazi Bulatovich Valikhanov
items: Turkisms and Mongolisms in the work of Emir Rukn ad-din Baybars al-Mansuri al-Dawadar "Zubdat al-fikra fi tarih al-hijra"
items: Place of Chagatai Ulus and Mogulistan in the history of Kazakh ethnos: analysis of traditional historical memory of Kazakhs)
items: The Role of Kipchaks in the Formation of the Karakalpak People: Settlement and Ethnic Characteristics of Kipchak Tribes
items: Specifics of the incorporation of Kalmyks (Kalmaks) within the Bashkirs and ethno-genetic links with Mongolian-speaking peoples
items: The Figure of Emir Edigu in Russian, Turkic, and Kazakh Historiography
items: Information about the Bashkirs before the Mongol conquest

Political and administrative changes in Kazakhstan during the first quarter of the 20th century
type: item
description: The first quarter of the 20th century is one of the most important stages in the history of the formation of Kazakh statehood and its institutions of power. This is a period during which a number of important events took place, thanks to which the Kazakh nation and its national leaders received a historical chance to create their own national state and organize its institutions. The transformation and destruction of the imperial colonial system of the Russian Empire, the strengthening of the role of democratic and autonomist movements, and the Civil War led to the emergence of new forms of government and political institutions. Goal and objectives. The purpose of the article is to study the process of transformation of institutions of power in Kazakhstan in the first quarter of the 20th century. Objectives: review of historiography on the research topic; identify problematic issues and main directions; analysis and study of sources; identification of the main institutions of power operating during the period under study and the results of their activities. Results: the study of these issues is very important for many representatives of Kazakh and foreign science specializing in the study of imperial and Soviet topics. The specificity and characteristics of the institutions of power formed during this period are identified. Analysis of the process of transformation of existing institutions of power, their activities during the transition period, as well as the formation of new forms and their institutions is an important result of this study. Conclusion: The issues under study can become the foundation for further research on the history of the formation of institutions of power on the territory of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the 20th century, as well as create a foundation for its further study and determination of further prospects for research.
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: institutions of power
  topic: keywords
subject: Kazakh bureaucracy
  topic: keywords
subject: regional congresses
  topic: keywords
subject: Provisional Government
  topic: keywords
subject: Kirghiz (Kazakh) Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
  topic: keywords
creator: K. Akanov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 K. Akanov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2026-07-24
publication date: 2026-07-24
starting page: 21
ending page: 36
doi: 10.65076/

Merged Agencies: State, Ethnography, and Native Intelligentsia in the Early Soviet Central Asian Nation-Building
type: item
description: This paper offers a tribute to and a critical review of three seminal works on early Soviet nation-building: Terry Martin's The Affirmative Action Empire (2001), Francine Hirsch's Empire of Nations (2005), and Adeeb Khalid’s Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform (1998) and Making Uzbekistan (2015). The question of the origins of nations as modern collective identities remains especially sensitive in the post-Soviet context, where imperial, postcolonial, nationalist, and decolonial discourses compete to establish a dominant historical narrative. Originally conceived as a series of argumentative reviews written during graduate coursework in Eurasian Studies at Nazarbayev University in 2022, the article situates these historiographic debates within the institutional development of the field in Kazakhstan and asks why these three readings have become core to understanding early Soviet nation-building. The paper reconstructs Martin's model of the state as the principal architect of indigenization and its later reversal under the Great Retreat; Hirsch's account of ethnographers as indispensable experts who translated imperial knowledge into Bolshevik categories of nationality; and Khalid's portrait of native Jadid intellectuals as active co-authors, rather than passive objects, of the Uzbek national project. Rather than treating the state, the ethnographic community, and the native intelligentsia as competing explanatory frameworks, the article argues that these three focal points describe interchangeable and often overlapping agencies within a single, merged process of Soviet nation-building. A brief comparison between the Jadid intelligentsia of Uzbekistan and the Alash intelligentsia of Kazakhstan illustrates how the weight of these agencies shifted depending on regional configurations of colonization and local elite formation. The paper concludes by reflecting on its own historiographical position: written by a beginner decolonial-minded scholar in a formative year for E…
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: history of Kazakhstan
  topic: keywords
subject: nation-building
  topic: keywords
subject: ethnography
  topic: keywords
subject: history
  topic: keywords
subject: Kazakhstan
  topic: keywords
subject: historiography
  topic: keywords
subject: Russian Empire
  topic: keywords
subject: Soviet history
  topic: keywords
subject: Central Asian history
  topic: keywords
subject: indigenisation
  topic: keywords
creator: R. Zholdybalin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 R. Zholdybalin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
starting page: 35
ending page: 48
doi: 10.65076/

The role of Amanzhol Bulekpaev in the establishment of Akmola as the new capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1994-1997)
type: item
description: This article examines the early stages of the development of Astana, the modern capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1994–1997), which was then known by its historical name, Akmola. At that time, the head of the city administration was A. K. Bulekpaev, who had first taken the helm back in 1987 when he became chairman of the local city executive committee and had governed the city for a considerable period. The aim of the study is to examine the activities of A.K. Bulekpaev during the period of Akmola’s preparation for gaining capital status following the address by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, N.A. Nazarbayev, and the decision by the country’s Supreme Council to relocate the capital from Almaty to Akmola. The objectives of the study were: to examine the measures taken by the country’s leadership to relocate and establish the new capital, including the development of the necessary infrastructure; to analyse the situation in Akmola and the Akmola Region during that period; to examine key stages in the biography of the city’s mayor, A. K. Bulekpaev, which characterise the personality of the man entrusted with preparing what was previously a provincial town for the status of the state capital; to identify his initiatives that contributed to attracting foreign investment for the accelerated development of the new capital and its establishment as the country’s new economic and political center. These include: accelerated housing construction (including the ‘Samal’ housing estate), the rehousing of relocated staff from central government bodies, oversight of budgetary funds allocated to the new capital, and the identification of vacant, undeveloped land suitable for large-scale residential, administrative and commercial construction, including embassy districts and social infrastructure facilities. A number of other initiatives by A.K. Bulekpaev’s city administration, which contributed to the development and establishment of Akmola as a new centre for sta…
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: the history of Astana
  topic: keywords
subject: the relocation of the capital
  topic: keywords
subject: the New Capital
  topic: keywords
subject: Akmola
  topic: keywords
subject: the capital’s infrastructure
  topic: keywords
subject: the Astana Special Economic Zone
  topic: keywords
subject: the New Capital Fund
  topic: keywords
creator: K. Akanov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 K. Akanov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
starting page: 22
ending page: 35
doi: 10.65076/

Tribalism as a Mode of Political Adaptation under Soviet Modernization in Kazakhstan
type: item
description: This article examines tribalism as a specific mode of political adaptation within Kazakh society during the period of Soviet modernization in the late 1920s and 1930s. Drawing on an extensive corpus of archival materials—many of which are introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time—the study analyzes the transformation of clan‑based structures, their responses to coercive Soviet policies, and the mechanisms through which traditional hierarchies sought to adjust to the emerging political order. The research demonstrates that the encounter between the Soviet project of socialist modernization and the traditional Kazakh zhuz and clan system generated profound social tensions, leading to the disintegration of established forms of self‑governance and to widespread resistance, both overt and covert. Particular attention is devoted to the 1928 confiscation campaign, which marked the first major blow against the tribal aristocracy, as well as to subsequent waves of repression that further undermined the authority of traditional elites. Archival evidence reveals that tribalism did not disappear under Soviet pressure; instead, it adapted, penetrating local administrative structures, collective farms, and cooperative organizations, thereby creating alternative channels of influence and partially reproducing pre‑existing social hierarchies. The article argues that Sovietization of the Kazakh aul involved not only the destruction of traditional institutions but also their reconfiguration within new political frameworks, making tribalism an important instrument of political adaptation. The study concludes that, despite the scale and intensity of Soviet modernization, clan‑based mechanisms of social organization persisted and continued to shape the political and social dynamics of Kazakh society throughout the 1930s.
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: tribalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Kazakh aul
  topic: keywords
subject: clan relations
  topic: keywords
subject: adaptive practices
  topic: keywords
subject: patrilineal leadership
  topic: keywords
subject: clan authorities
  topic: keywords
creator: A. Zhanbossinova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 A. Zhanbossinova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 37
ending page: 57
doi: 10.65076/

Investment cooperation between Kyrgyzstan and China at the present stage
type: item
description: The article is devoted to the study of investment cooperation between the Kyrgyz Republic and the People's Republic of China in the period 1995-2025. The relevance of the topic is due to the growing role of Chinese investment in the socio-economic development of Kyrgyzstan, as well as the expansion of bilateral cooperation in the context of modern processes in the Eurasian space. The study is based on a wide range of sources, including materials of the National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic, regulatory documents of Kyrgyzstan and China, official reports of government agencies, analytical publications and modern scientific research. The aim of the work is a comprehensive analysis of the main stages, directions, features and results of investment cooperation between Kyrgyzstan and China, as well as identifying existing problems and prospects for further interaction. The article uses historical, comparative, systemic and institutional research methods, allowing to trace the dynamics of bilateral relations and determine the impact of investment processes on the development of economic ties between the two states. The author analyzes the investment relationship of the two countries, distinguishing them into three stages, showing their specific impact on bilateral relations. The first stage involved the formation of a legal framework and the establishment of mechanisms for economic cooperation following Kyrgyzstan's independence. The second stage was characterized by intensified investment cooperation and the expansion of Chinese capital in key economic sectors. The third stage began with the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative in 2013 and was marked by a significant increase in investment cooperation, the implementation of major infrastructure projects, and deepening economic interdependence between the two countries. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of Chinese investment in the mining industry, energy sector, transport and logistics infrast…
subject: WORLD HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Kyrgyz Republic
  topic: keywords
subject: China
  topic: keywords
subject: Belt and Road Initiative
  topic: keywords
subject: economy
  topic: keywords
subject: investment
  topic: keywords
subject: energy
  topic: keywords
subject: transport
  topic: keywords
subject: infrastructure projects
  topic: keywords
subject: cooperation
  topic: keywords
subject: integration
  topic: keywords
creator: J. Omurova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 J. Omurovа https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 7
ending page: 20
doi: 10.65076/

Embassy relations between Kazakhstan and Russia in the 1700s–1720s.
type: item
description: Based on archival documents and published written sources, this article shows the dynamics of embassy relations between the Kazakh Khanate and the Russian state in the first decades of the 18th century. The author has systematized all known embassy contacts between the two sides and revealed new ones previously unknown in historiography. The main problems of bilateral relations raised during embassy contacts are identified: issues of military cooperation in the fight against the Dzungars, problems of security on the Kazakh-Russian border, the suppression of mutual attacks, and the establishment of trade relations. The regularity with which these issues were raised in diplomatic correspondence and during mutual embassy visits indicates that many problems remained unresolved. At the same time, both sides were formally committed to overcoming the problems that arose. The materials show that at the beginning of the 18th century, there were several centers of relations between Russia and the Kazakhs, namely Kazan, Ufa, and Tobolsk. At the same time, the Siberian administration under Governor Prince M.P. Gagarin was more active in establishing contacts with the Kazakhs. A distinctive feature of this stage in relations between the Kazakhs and Russia was the complex foreign policy situation in southern Siberia and Central Asia associated with the active policy of the Dzungar state, which was defending its interests in the region. This stage is also characterized by a revival of Russian interest in the region in the middle of the second decade of the 18th century. During this period, changes in the structure of interaction, caused by both internal reforms on the Russian side and external challenges faced by both sides, played a special role in the development of diplomatic relations between the Kazakh rulers and the Russian state. The strengthening of Russia's position in the Ural-Caspian region, as well as the growing threat from Dzungaria, forced Kazakh rulers to intensify…
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Kazakh Khanate
  topic: keywords
subject: Russian State
  topic: keywords
subject: embassies
  topic: keywords
subject: early 18th century
  topic: keywords
subject: Tobolsk
  topic: keywords
subject: Kazan
  topic: keywords
creator: N. lapin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 N. lapin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 78
ending page: 94
doi: 10.65076/

“Nomadic” Complexes of the Period of the Hunnic Conquests in the Republic of Kazakhstan
type: item
description: The present article aims to compile a preliminary catalogue of “nomadic” antiquities dating to the Migration Period in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, with particular attention to the era of the Hunnic conquests and the subsequent post-Hunnic horizon from the late fourth to the first half of the sixth century CE. Although Kazakhstan occupied a central position in the system of economic, political, and cultural contacts between Europe and Asia, this territory has not yet been considered as a separate subject within the archaeology of the Migration Period in a broad Eurasian context. The study brings together materials published by different authors from the early twentieth century to the present day and attempts to consider them within a single comparative and typological framework. The selected sites are located mainly in the steppe and piedmont zones of Kazakhstan and mark possible routes of migration, population movement, and cultural contacts linking Central Asia, the Kazakh steppes, Western Siberia, the Trans-Urals, the Volga-Ural region, and Eastern Europe. In total, the catalogue includes twelve complexes that demonstrate a number of shared features in funerary practice and associated assemblages. These include horse equipment, belt fittings, weapons, polychrome ornaments, cauldrons, and other categories of material culture characteristic of the Hunnic and post-Hunnic periods. At the same time, the materials remain difficult to divide into separate chronological horizons, since many complexes were discovered under different circumstances, published unevenly, or preserved in incomplete archaeological contexts. The article proposes several preliminary observations. The complexes may be divided into three broad groups: commemorative complexes under kurgans without human burials; kurgan inhumations with northern orientation; and inhumations with northern orientation placed on abandoned settlements or fortified sites. The distribution of “kurgans with …
subject: ARCHEOLOGY
  topic: section
subject: Kazakhstan; steppe; archaeology; nomads; Huns; post-Hunnic period; migrations; burials; kurgans with “mustaches” weapons; horse gear; polychrome style polychrome style horse gear
  topic: keywords
creator: A. Zelenkov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 A. Zelenkov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 7
ending page: 42
doi: 10.65076/

The Role of Soviet Citizens Arriving from the PRC in the Development of Kazakhstan’s Virgin Lands in the 1950s
type: item
description: Drawing on archival documents, the authors examine the process of repatriation of Soviet citizens from the People’s Republic of China to the virgin lands of Kazakhstan during the 1950s. The article explores issues related to the employment and housing conditions of the repatriates, as well as the measures undertaken by district authorities to implement the Resolution of the Secretariat of the Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan concerning the settlement of citizens arriving from the PRC. Some repatriates who arrived for permanent residence were provided with housing by local authorities and actively participated in agricultural and construction activities. At the same time, the authors emphasize that serious shortcomings existed in the material and living conditions of Soviet citizens arriving from the PRC. To address these and other problems, the Agricultural Department of the CPSU Central Committee for the Union Republics dispatched responsible party and state officials to the Kazakh SSR. Together with regional and district authorities, they visited the areas where repatriates had been settled and prepared reports and memoranda describing the actual material and living conditions of the newcomers. The recommendations proposed by the inspection bodies to resolve the problems faced by repatriates were extensive and often difficult to implement in practice. The authors conclude that issues related to the housing and employment of repatriates from the PRC were not fully resolved due to a combination of objective and subjective factors.
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: history of Kazakhstan
  topic: keywords
subject: development of virgin lands
  topic: keywords
subject: repatriates
  topic: keywords
subject: citizens arriving from the People’s Republic of China
  topic: keywords
subject: archive
  topic: keywords
creator: Zh. Mazhitova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zh. Mazhitova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 58
ending page: 75
doi: 10.65076/

Historical and Ethnographic Aspects of Northern Kazakhstan in the Travel Notes of I. Ya. Slovtsov
type: item
description: The article examines the historical and ethnographic aspects of Northern Kazakhstan in the second half of the nineteenth century on the basis of the travel notes of I. Ya. Slovtsov, considered as a unique complex of historical sources. The relevance of the study is determined by the growing scholarly interest in regional history and ethnography, as well as by the need for a comprehensive analysis of the socio-economic, ethno-cultural, and natural-geographical processes that developed during the final incorporation of Northern Kazakhstan into the administrative and political space of the Russian Empire. The travel notes of I. Ya. Slovtsov constitute a valuable historical and ethnographic source that reflects the everyday life of both nomadic and sedentary populations, modes of economic activity, ethno-cultural traditions, and the specific features of imperial governance practices in the course of the colonization of the steppe. These materials make it possible to reconstruct the structure of traditional society in Northern Kazakhstan, mechanisms of social adaptation, and the historical prerequisites of regional development. Purpose and Objectives. The purpose of the study is to analyze the historical and ethnographic development of Northern Kazakhstan at the end of the nineteenth century on the basis of the travel notes of I. Ya. Slovtsov, including the influence of socio-economic and cultural factors on regional life. To achieve this goal, the following objectives were set:– to determine the scholarly value of the travel notes of I. Ya. Slovtsov as a historical and ethnographic source; – to characterize the socio-political, economic, and ethno-demographic conditions of the Kokshetau District of Akmola Region; – to identify regional features of everyday life and the economic structure of nomadic and sedentary populations; – to demonstrate the significance of Slovtsov’s scholarly legacy for studies in the historical geography and regional research of Northern Kazakhst…
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Northern Kazakhstan; Slovtsov; travel notes; historical ethnography; historical geography; nomadic and sedentary economy; regional development
  topic: keywords
creator: Zh. Smakhanova
creator: T. Marmontova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zh. Smakhanova, T. Marmontova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 114
ending page: 129
doi: 10.65076/

On renaming streets of settlements of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period from 1994 to 2024 (the first half of the year)
type: item
description: The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the renaming of streets in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 1994-2024 as the most important tool for shaping the state policy of memory and the transformation of symbolic space. The process of toponymic change is considered in the context of decolonization and national identification strategies, which have been particularly developed in recent decades. Based on an extensive body of empirical data, including 14,929 officially documented cases of renaming, the study identifies quantitative and substantive trends characteristic of the modern Kazakhstani toponymic landscape. The paper uses a continuous sampling method followed by data classification by year, region, type of locality, and the nature of old and new names. Using quantitative and comparative analysis, the periods of the greatest activity of renaming were determined, among which the peak of 2018 stands out, as well as the features of regional dynamics, showing significant variability of approaches at the regional and city levels. The study demonstrates that rural settlements remain the most massive object of transformation, accounting for more than half of all changes. A meaningful analysis reveals a steady transition from Soviet ideological toponymy to names reflecting national history, cultural values and state priorities. The frequent replacement of such Soviet names as "Sovetskaya", "Oktyabrskaya", "Komsomolskaya", as well as the names of party figures, indicates the systemic nature of decommunization. New names, among which the names of national heroes, cultural figures predominate, as well as conceptual categories ("Dostyk", "Tauelsizdik", "Beibitshilik"), form an updated ideological layer of urban and rural topography. The results obtained are compared with modern international studies of political toponymy, which makes it possible to interpret the Kazakh experience as part of the global processes of rethinking history and reconfiguring urban space. T…
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: street renaming
  topic: keywords
subject: toponymy
  topic: keywords
subject: politics of memory
  topic: keywords
subject: national memory
  topic: keywords
subject: symbolic space
  topic: keywords
subject: national identity
  topic: keywords
subject: nation building
  topic: keywords
creator: А. Shakenov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 A. Shakenov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 130
ending page: 164
doi: 10.65076/

Mechanisms of assimilation of the Kipchaks in Hungary in the 13th-18th centuries
type: item
description: This article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the mechanisms of assimilation of the Kipchaks (Cumans) in medieval Hungary in the period from the 13th to the 18th century. The author's research demonstrates that the integration process was not straightforward and could only be reduced to the formal adoption of Christianity: even after Christianization in the 13th–14th centuries, the Kipchaks retained their ethnocultural identity for a long time. The key thesis of the study is that Christianization did not automatically lead to complete assimilation. Many Kipchaks accepted baptism formally, continuing to adhere to traditional customs. They retained characteristic funeral practices, including orienting graves to the east and placing amulets, food for the dead, animal bones in burials, and eggs and mirrors in women's burials. In addition, the Kipchaks wore ethnic clothes and specific hairstyles (a shaved crown, one or three braids), which the Hungarians associated with paganism, and also supported the clan-tribal social organization that served as the basis of their identity. The Catholic Church purposefully fought against these "structures of everyday life", demanding from the Kipchaks not only baptism, but also a complete rejection of traditional forms of life. The turning point came in the 15th century, when fundamental changes took place. The traditional clan-tribal organization collapsed, depriving the Kipchaks of the institutional basis for preserving their identity. The Kipchak aristocracy began to actively integrate into the Hungarian nobility, receiving royal awards and accepting the social norms of the ruling stratum. The transition from a nomadic lifestyle to sedentary agriculture accelerated, and nomadic camps (szállása) gradually transformed into stationary settlements. An active transition to the Hungarian language began, accompanied by the loss of Kipchak. It was in the 15th century that the status of a Christian actually became synonymous with belo…
subject: WORLD HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Kipchaks
  topic: keywords
subject: Hungary
  topic: keywords
subject: assimilation
  topic: keywords
subject: Christianization
  topic: keywords
subject: clan organization
  topic: keywords
subject: aristocracy
  topic: keywords
subject: funeral practices
  topic: keywords
subject: church
  topic: keywords
subject: settlement
  topic: keywords
subject: language
  topic: keywords
creator: J. Pilipchuk
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 J. Pilipchuk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 39
ending page: 50
doi: 10.65076/

Fragmentation and emotionality of collective memory in modern Kazakhstan
type: item
description: The relevance of the research is due to the deep crisis of historical consciousness in post-Soviet Kazakhstan. The collapse of the USSR led not only to a political, but also to an epistemological transformation: the former ideologized model of historical knowledge has lost its legitimacy, and the new one has not yet developed. In the context of pluralization of memory, the monopoly of the state and academic institutions on constructing narratives about the past has been challenged. This has created a need for an empirical study of how different generations interpret key events and figures in national history, forming a new identity. The research hypothesis suggests that collective memory in Kazakhstan is generationally fragmented: age groups differ: in the choice of iconic historical figures and events; in the sources of historical memory formation; in the degree of emotional involvement in the recent past. At the same time, the core of consensus symbols performing a consolidating function is preserved. The purpose of the study is to identify generational differences in collective representations of the past and to determine the mechanisms of constructing historical memory in modern Kazakh society. Research objectives: To conduct a sociological survey with age stratification to record key historical figures and events significant for different generations. To identify the main sources of historical memory formation (Internet, TV, books, family, etc.). To analyze how generational differences affect the perception of the traumatic and heroic past. To correlate empirical data with theoretical models of collective memory. To determine the stage of development of collective memory in Kazakhstan within the framework of A. Assman's typology. The novelty of the research lies in: applying an integrated approach to the study of collective memory, taking into account three age cohorts; fixing asymmetries in the perception of historical figures (for example, the high importance…
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: collective memory
  topic: keywords
subject: national identity
  topic: keywords
subject: Kazakhstan
  topic: keywords
subject: sociological survey
  topic: keywords
subject: historical figures
  topic: keywords
subject: post-Soviet space
  topic: keywords
creator: G. Sultangazy
creator: L. Mukatayeva
creator: Zh. Nurbayev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Г. Султангазы, Л. Мукатаева, Ж. Нұрбаев (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
starting page: 66
ending page: 81
doi: 10.65076/

Manifestations of Religious Influences in Turkic Culture and Manuscript Sources: The Cases of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism
type: item
description: This section offers a comprehensive examination of the influence of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism on the worldview of the ancient Turks. Drawing on written sources, archaeological materials and comparative historical analysis, the study identifies relic features of Zoroastrianism in Central Asia, including among Turkic tribes. The interconnection of Zoroastrian concepts with the cults of fire, water and earth, the sacralization of animals (especially the cults of the bull and the camel), funerary practices and purification rituals is demonstrated. The affinity between Avestan mythological imagery and traditional Turkic beliefs is emphasized, as well as the fact that Zoroastrianism in this region functioned not as a rigid dogmatic system but in close interaction with local religious practices. In addition, the article analyses the emergence of the Manichaean religion, its core doctrinal principles, cosmology and ethical system, and the routes of its dissemination via the Silk Road. The adoption of Manichaeism as the state religion of the Uyghur Khaganate (8th–11th centuries) is regarded as a unique phenomenon in the cultural history of the Turks. Special attention is paid to the impact of the Manichaean written tradition, book culture, visual arts and religious syncretism. The study concludes that although Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism did not become dominant religions in the Turkic cultural sphere, they nevertheless left a profound imprint on the spiritual life, cultural memory and symbolic systems of the Turkic peoples.
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Turks
  topic: keywords
subject: Zoroastrianism
  topic: keywords
subject: Manichaeism
  topic: keywords
subject: traditional beliefs
  topic: keywords
subject: religious syncretism
  topic: keywords
subject: animal cults
  topic: keywords
subject: fire worship
  topic: keywords
subject: Avesta
  topic: keywords
creator: А. Zhumabayeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zhumabayeva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
starting page: 49
ending page: 65
doi: 10.65076/

Education and science in the Golden horde during the reign of khan Tokhtamysh (1380–1395)
type: item
description: The article examines the development of education, scientific knowledge, and the religious-intellectual life of the Golden Horde during the reign of Khan Tokhtamysh (1380–1395). Although this period was relatively brief and marked by political instability, it represents a turning point in the cultural and administrative history of the Horde. Tokhtamysh succeeded in restoring political unity after the prolonged turmoil known as the “Great Disarray,” and this stabilization created favorable conditions for the revitalization of educational and scholarly institutions. As a result, madrasahs resumed their activities, the study and dissemination of fiqh expanded, and the Golden Horde strengthened its intellectual ties with major centers of Islamic learning in Khwarazm, Transoxiana, and Khorasan. The article explores the significant role of the ulama many of whom sought refuge in Sarai following the conquests of Amir Timur in shaping legal thought, theological scholarship, and the broader educational environment. Particular attention is given to the activities of the Sufi orders Yasawiyya and Kubrawiyya, whose spiritual and pedagogical practices contributed both to the spread of Islamic knowledge and to the integration of nomadic and sedentary cultural traditions. Their influence facilitated the formation of a stable intellectual milieu in the late 14th century Golden Horde. Furthermore, the study analyzes how the intellectual and ideological climate of Tokhtamysh’s reign is reflected in Turkic-language literary works, especially in the epic The Tale of Edige. This epic serves not only as a monumental piece of oral literature but also as a historical and ideological document that preserves societal values, notions of legitimacy, and representations of political contestation. Overall, the abstract highlights Tokhtamysh’s reign as a period of cultural and intellectual renewal, during which the restoration of political cohesion was accompanied by the consolidation of Islamic …
subject: WORLD HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Toktamysh Khan
  topic: keywords
subject: Golden Horde
  topic: keywords
subject: education
  topic: keywords
subject: madrasah
  topic: keywords
subject: Sufism
  topic: keywords
subject: Yasaviya
  topic: keywords
subject: Kubraviya
  topic: keywords
creator: D. Suleimenova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 D. Suleimenova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 67
ending page: 77
doi: 10.65076/

The role of the Katwan and Talas Kurultai in the military-political confrontation between Kaidu and Borak in the second half of the 60s of the 13th century
type: item
description: The author's work examines the circumstances and consequences of the Talas Kurultai of 1269, a key event traditionally interpreted in historiography as the legal boundary of the collapse of the Mongol Empire into independent uluses. Based on a comprehensive analysis of narrative sources (Rashid al-Din, Wassaf, "Yuan Shi"), as well as numismatic data, the dynamics of political processes in the second half of the 1260s in Central Asia is reconstructed. The relevance is due to the controversial nature and chronology of the Kurultai: a number of researchers (following A. de Hausson) allows two meetings to be held ‒ in 1267 (Katwan) and 1269 (Talas), while the dominant tradition recognizes only the Talas Kurultai. Contradictions are generated by discrepancies between sources: Rashid al-Din emphasizes the alliance of Kaidu and Borak, their joint struggle against Kublai and Mengu Timur, as well as the complex diplomatic game around the invasion of the Ilkhanate; Wassaf describes the reconciliation of Kaidu and Borak in Katwan (1267) and fixes other accents in the chronology and the composition of the participants. The purpose of the author's research is to identify the logic of interaction between the Genghisid uluses (Jochi, Chagatai, Ogedei, Ilkhanate) and the role of Kaan Kublai in the processes of decentralization of the empire. Methods and sources. A comparative analysis of Persian (Rashid al-Din, Wassaf) and Chinese ("Yuan shi") sources, as well as data from Jochid numismatics, is applied. Special attention is paid to: the chronology of Borak's military clashes with Kaidu and Mengu Timur; the content of the decisions of the Kurultai (Transoxiana section, ban on staying in cities, plans to invade the Ilkhanate); diplomatic missions (Terel's embassy to Meng Timur, Kublai's messengers to Abaga); the symbolism of Meng Timur's coins (the hieroglyph "ji" as a status marker in the imperial hierarchy). The author concludes: In 1267, the Katvan Kurultai took place, consolidat…
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Talas kurultai
  topic: keywords
subject: Mongol Empire
  topic: keywords
subject: uluses
  topic: keywords
subject: Kublai
  topic: keywords
subject: Mengu Timur
  topic: keywords
subject: Kaidu
  topic: keywords
subject: Borak
  topic: keywords
subject: Rashid al-Din
  topic: keywords
subject: Wassaf
  topic: keywords
creator: А. Porsin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 A. Porsin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 95
ending page: 117
doi: 10.65076/

Kyrgyz People in the History of the Golden Horde
type: item
description: This article analyzes the role of Kyrgyz tribes in the political and military-historical history of the Golden Horde in the 14th – early 15th centuries. The relevance of this study stems from the insufficient development of this topic in the historiography of the Ulus of Jochi, where the Kyrgyz are often considered peripheral. The geographical proximity of Kyrgyz tribes to the eastern borders of the Golden Horde, as well as their participation in migratory, military, and political processes in the region, led to their persistent presence in sources from the Golden Horde period. Objectives. The purpose of this study is to reconstruct the nature and forms of interaction between Kyrgyz tribes and the Golden Horde during its political destabilization and subsequent collapse. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are addressed: identifying the areas of Kyrgyz settlement during the Golden Horde period; Analysis of reports from Eastern and European sources on contacts between the Kyrgyz and the Golden Horde khans; examination of military conflicts and allied ties between the Kyrgyz tribes and various dynastic groups of the Ulus of Jochi; determination of the place of the Kyrgyz in the ethnopolitical processes of the Eastern Desht-i-Kipchak. Materials and methods. The source base of the study consists of Persian chronicles (Mu'in ad-Din Natanzi, Mahmud ibn Wali, Sharaf ad-Din Yazdi), works of Eastern authors, data from Russian annals, as well as numismatic materials and late medieval compilations. Methodologically, the work is based on the principles of source analysis, the comparative historical method, and a critical comparison of different types of written evidence, which allows for a refinement of the chronology of events and the interpretation of ethnopolitical processes. The study established that the Kyrgyz played a significant role in the history of the Golden Horde's eastern borderlands, acting as an independent military and political factor. It is shown that K…
subject: WORLD HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Kyrgyz
  topic: keywords
subject: Golden Horde
  topic: keywords
subject: Ulus of Jochi
  topic: keywords
subject: Eastern Desht-i-Kipchak
  topic: keywords
subject: Golden Horde khans
  topic: keywords
subject: ethnopolitical processes
  topic: keywords
creator: R. Abdumanapov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 R. Abdumanapov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
starting page: 7
ending page: 21
doi: 10.65076/

The Legacy of the Great Steppe in the politics of historical memory of Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan
type: item
description: The steppe civilization has played a fundamental role in shaping the cultural and political space of Central Asia. The nomadic mode of life and its underlying worldview ‒ dynamism, cosmocentrism, commitment to spirituality, and heroism ‒ have formed durable identity models that continue to be actively employed within the historical memory politics of contemporary states in the region. This research examines how the legacy of the Great Steppe is reflected in the historical memory of Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan ‒ countries linked by common origins yet pursuing different strategies of national heritage representation. In Kyrgyzstan, the central symbol of steppe identity is the Manas epic, functioning as a historical and cultural code that ensures generational continuity and constructs the image of a unifying national hero. Its interaction with figures such as Kurmanjan Datka, Ormon Khan, and other nineteenth-century leaders demonstrates the state’s deliberate policy of strengthening patriotism and legitimizing power through references to a heroic past. Uzbekistan’s historical memory combines nomadic roots with the legacy of powerful sedentary urban centers ‒ Bukhara and Samarkand. The Alpamysh epic and the figure of Amir Timur symbolize the synthesis of steppe mobility and urban might, reflecting the region’s capacity to influence the development of world science and culture. Uzbekistan actively institutionalizes this heritage through cultural diplomacy and international cooperation, reinforcing its role as a custodian of ancient civilizations. Turkmenistan, by contrast, relies on the mythologized figure of Oghuz Khan to advance an autochthonous narrative of origin, linking the modern state to ancient steppe tribes. The strict control of state ideology over historical interpretation results in selective memory practices focused on glorification and the exclusion of the colonial period. The comparative analysis shows that despite the shared steppe legacy, e…
subject: WORLD HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: nomadic civilization
  topic: keywords
subject: Manas
  topic: keywords
subject: Alpamysh
  topic: keywords
subject: Oguz Khan
  topic: keywords
subject: national identity
  topic: keywords
subject: Kyrgyzstan
  topic: keywords
subject: Uzbekistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Turkmenistan
  topic: keywords
subject: heroic narratives
  topic: keywords
creator: Т. Marmontova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 T. Marmontova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 20
ending page: 38
doi: 10.65076/

Nogais and cumans: continuity in culture, tribal structure, genetics, and anthropology
type: item
description: To accurately position the Nogais on the ethnocultural map of Eurasia, it is essential to understand their ethnic and cultural roots. One of the key questions that can help in this matter is the continuity of the Nogais with Western or Eastern Kipchaks. Purpose and Objectives of the Study. The aim of this study is to determine the accuracy of associating the Nogais with Western or Eastern Kipchaks and their continuity. Within this framework, an attempt has been made to analyze the material and spiritual culture of the Nogais by comparing it with that of the Western Kipchaks, as well as to draw parallels in tribal composition, population genetics, and anthropology. Materials and Methods. A wide range of scholarly works has been utilized, including studies of Cuman and Nogai culture, tribal structures, genetic research findings, as well as materials from anthropology and craniology. Novelty of the Research. This is a continuation of the first comprehensive study on the Nogais' affiliation with either Western or Eastern Kipchaks. For the first time, the features of Cuman and Nogai costumes are compared. Three branches of the "Kipchak" Y-DNA haplogroup have been identified. An attempt has been made to compile a correspondence table of Nogai and Cuman clans. Results. A wide range of narratives confirms the concept of the Nogais as direct descendants of the Cuman population of the Western Desht-i Kipchak. They have preserved its cultural features, tribal and genetic continuity, as well as anthropological characteristics.
subject: WORLD HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Cumans
  topic: keywords
subject: Qypchaq
  topic: keywords
subject: Kipchaks
  topic: keywords
subject: Nogais
  topic: keywords
subject: Kazakhs
  topic: keywords
subject: Bakshirs
  topic: keywords
subject: Crimean
  topic: keywords
subject: Tatars
  topic: keywords
subject: Desht-i Kipchak
  topic: keywords
subject: Crimea
  topic: keywords
creator: A. Makhsutov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 А. Makhsutov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 43
ending page: 66
doi: 10.65076/

Discussion about the ethnonyms «Kazakh» and «Kirghiz» on the pages of the pre-revolutionary Astrakhan newspaper «Idel
type: item
description: This article provides a translation and introduces into scholarly circulation a series of materials from the pre-revolutionary Arabic-script Muslim newspaper «Idel», published between 1907 and 1914. The study examines publications from late 1911 and early 1912. These materials consist of a debate between Hasan Ali Efendi, a Kazakh teacher from the Akmola region, and Kayum Kulatki, a Tatar journalist likely of Mishar origin, who lived among the Kazakhs of the Inner Bukey Horde, part of the Astrakhan Governorate. The subject of the debate is the permissibility or impermissibility of using the ethnonyms "Kazakh" and "Kirghiz" in reference to the Bukey Kazakhs of the Kishi Zhuz. The opponents present various arguments to refute each other's positions and support their own viewpoints. In the concluding section, the author draws conclusions and extracts valuable ethnographic data from the analyzed material, particularly regarding the origins of certain clans of the Kishi and Orta Zhuz of the Kazakh people, as well as the evolution of the ethnonyms "Kazakh" and "Kirghiz" in usage by Russian and Türk-Muslim, especially Kazakh, politicians, Orientalists, and public figures.
subject: WORLD HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Kirghiz
  topic: keywords
subject: Kazakh
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethnonym
  topic: keywords
subject: Debate
  topic: keywords
subject: Newspaper
  topic: keywords
subject: Astrakhan
  topic: keywords
subject: Idel Newspaper
  topic: keywords
subject: Bukey Horde
  topic: keywords
creator: A. Makhsutov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 A. Makhsutov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 7
ending page: 19
doi: 10.65076/

Uraz-Muhammed in the Context of Kazakh‑Russian Relations at the End of the 16th Century
type: item
description: The aim of the article is to study the position and role of Uraz-Muhammed — the future khan of the Kasym Khanate — in Kazakh‑Russian negotiations of 1594–1595. The research is based on materials identified by the author in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (Moscow, Russian Federation). These materials were cross-checked against copies preserved in the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Almaty) and in the Scientific Archive of the “Gylym Orda” RSE (Almaty). In addition, published documents on the topic were systematized and comprehensively reviewed. During the research, it was revealed that the established historiographical view — that Sultan Uraz-Muhammed’s role was limited solely to efforts to secure his release, and that this was the main goal of Tauekel Khan’s embassy to Moscow in 1594–1595 — is incorrect. At the Russian royal court, Uraz-Muhammed, as a direct descendant and close relative of ruling khans, held a high status and was involved in various state duties. This included participating in some diplomatic reception events with representatives of foreign states. However, such participation was mostly ceremonial in nature. Yet in the case of the Kazakh embassy, taking into account the sultan’s lineage and possibly preserved connections, Uraz-Muhammed was directly involved in negotiations conducted by the Kazakh envoy Kul-Muhammed. Archival documents show that Uraz-Muhammed met with the Kazakh envoy Kul-Muhammed not just once, as commonly believed in historical literature, but at least three times. At least two of these meetings took place in Moscow, where the Kazakh diplomatic mission was stationed, and one meeting occurred at the sultan’s estate. The article also demonstrates that Uraz-Muhammed played a significant role in establishing Kazakh‑Persian relations. With his direct involvement, a meeting was arranged in Moscow between the Persian envoy Gadibek and the Kazakh envoy Kul-Muhammed, who were both present in the city at the s…
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Kazakh Khanate
  topic: keywords
subject: Russia
  topic: keywords
subject: Bukhara Khanate
  topic: keywords
subject: Uraz-Muhammed
  topic: keywords
subject: Kul-Muhammed
  topic: keywords
subject: Tauekel
  topic: keywords
creator: N. Lapin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Н. Лапин (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 96
ending page: 116
doi: 10.65076/

Orphanages in Central Kazakhstan in the 1940s: Health Conditions and Sanitary Living Standards of the Children
type: item
description: This article examines the operation of orphanages in Central Kazakhstan during the war years, based on archival materials and personal memoirs. The focus of the study is on orphanages and children/adolescents who were left without families and placed under state care for various reasons—famine, deportations, the Great Patriotic War, evacuation, political repression and the arrest of parents, death of parents, and other factors. The author investigates the material and living conditions, housing, and sanitary-hygienic standards of children's accommodation. Particular attention is given to issues of health and the incidence of disease among the children. The author concludes that the sharp increase in the number of children in Central Kazakhstan's orphanages in the 1940s was primarily due to the outbreak of war, which triggered mass child evacuations. A significant proportion of the orphans also came from families of repressed parents. The existing children's institutions were not prepared to accommodate such a large influx, which led to extremely difficult conditions. In particular, overcrowding and malnutrition intensified, sanitary conditions deteriorated, and disease rates rose sharply.
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Soviet childhood
  topic: keywords
subject: Central Kazakhstan
  topic: keywords
subject: orphanage
  topic: keywords
subject: Kompaneisky orphanage
  topic: keywords
subject: Great Patriotic War
  topic: keywords
subject: unsanitary conditions
  topic: keywords
creator: К. Abdrakhmanova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 K. Abdrakhmanova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 51
ending page: 65
doi: 10.65076/

The natural and climatic factors in the history of the Golden Horde and the Successor States
type: item
description: This article examines the influence of the natural and climatic factors on the history of the Golden Horde and the successor states. In Russian historiography, as a result of the relatively small number of written sources. The practice of using data obtained in the course of paleoclimatological and paleogenetic studies in historical research has been established for a long time. This interdisciplinary approach was widely implemented in the study. The combination of data taken from various written sources made it possible to close some gaps in the history of medieval Turkic states. The concept of economic and cultural policies proposed in the article made it possible to substantiate the pattern of the appearance of the Golden Horde in Eurasia. Moreover, the "Black Death", repeated outbreaks of plague and other plague-like epidemics caused by the Little Ice Age, large-scale famine, and livestock deaths, played an important role in subsequent political processes. In the conditions of the large–scale cooling of the XIV–XVI centuries, the disappearance of the political, technological, and cultural leader of the Golden Horde region was a natural result. The application of paleoclimatic research data has made it possible to chronologically outline the main stages of this process. The rise or fall of the role of one or another heir of the Golden Horde in the second half of the XV–early XVI centuries was largely predetermined by the success of adapting its military strategy to rapidly changing climatic conditions. Therefore, one of the most important factors is overcoming the massive population decline, taking into account technological re-equipment and creating an effective management system. This was especially evident in the Moscow-Kazan confrontation. Despite the numerical and technological superiority over the Tatar opponent, the Muscovite state was forced to abandon large-scale campaigns. Gradually moving to the tactics of erecting new fortifications in the occupied te…
subject: WORLD HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: paleoclimatology
  topic: keywords
subject: Little Ice Age
  topic: keywords
subject: Miyake event
  topic: keywords
subject: Black Death
  topic: keywords
subject: Golden Horde
  topic: keywords
creator: Т. T. Khaydarov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 T. Khaydarov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-07-09
publication date: 2025-07-09
starting page: 69
ending page: 89
doi: 10.65076/3105-0042.2025.1.69.89

Ethnopolitical position of the Karakalpaks in the Kazakh khanates in the 17th - early 18th centuries
type: item
description: The article examines the history of the settlement and ethnopolitical life of the Karakalpak people as part of the Kazakh khanates in the 17th-18th centuries. The article provides data on the ethnic history of the Karakalpaks on the territory of modern Kazakhstan, taking into account the late period of the Ulus of Jochi through the prism of the formation of the Karakalpaks as a single ethnic group based on different proto-Turkic, late Turkic, and Mongolian tribes. Since the entire medieval history takes place in close connection with the common ancestors related to Kazakhs, the Karakalpaks were known both under another ethnic name and under their name, as historians assume. Therefore, the author of the article tried to collect and analyze materials in which the Karakalpaks are mentioned both in alliance with the Kazakhs and in opposition to them, since the Karakalpaks were part of the Kazakh khanates for almost two hundred years. Also, in the article based on European, Russian, and Eastern sources are given theoretical conclusions of leading experts are given, confirming that the bulk of Karakalpaks as a semi-independent state were part of the state of Tauke Khan and Abulkhair Khan. At the same time, a small part of Karakalpaks lived in the so-called Uzbek khanates and Aral possession. The article illustrates the dawn and crisis of relations of Karakalpaks with Kazakh khanates on the one hand, and on the other, their disintegration over the three zhuzes. Also, the article provides information about the differences in economic life from Kazakhs, cities where Karakalpaks lived and actively participated in trade relations, and played their role in the development of these cities. The reasons for the deterioration of relations with the Kazakh khanates, as sources show, were not only the levies collected from the Karakalpaks, but also active diplomatic missions with Russia, which eventually led to the final resettlement of the Karakalpaks from the Syr Darya delta first t…
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: cassocks
  topic: keywords
subject: Edil
  topic: keywords
subject: Karakalpaks
  topic: keywords
subject: Kazakh khanates
  topic: keywords
subject: khan
  topic: keywords
subject: Sygnak
  topic: keywords
subject: Zhaiyk
  topic: keywords
subject: Zhanadarya
  topic: keywords
creator: M. Utebaev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 M. Utebaev https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 140
ending page: 162
doi: 10.65076/3105-0042.2025.1.140.162

Controversial Issues in the Biography of Sultan Ghazi Bulatovich Valikhanov
type: item
description: This article examines controversial issues in the biography of Sultan Ghazi Bulatovich Valikhanov, a little-studied figure of the 19th-century Kazakh aristocracy and intelligentsia. His figure has long been overshadowed by the more famous Shokan Valikhanov in historiography, despite Sultangazi's significant contribution to the socio-political, military, and intellectual life of the Russian Empire and the Kazakh steppe. The relevance of this study stems from the need to rethink the role of educated Chingizid sultans in shaping the historical consciousness of Kazakh society and in the context of Russian-Kazakh relations. Objectives. The purpose of this article is to reconstruct the biography of Sultan Ghazi Bulatovich Valikhanov and identify controversial aspects of his life, career, and public activities. The objectives of the study include: analysis of the origin and early stage of formation of the personality of Sultangazi; study of his military service and relations with the highest administration of the Russian Empire; consideration of his participation in socio-political and intellectual discussions of the late 19th century; identification of the role of Valikhanov in the discussion of the resettlement policy and the land issue; determination of his place in the history of the Kazakh intelligentsia. Materials and methods. The source base of the study consists of publications of the Russian periodicals of the 19th century (the magazines Niva, Severny Vestnik, the newspapers Novoye Vremya, Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti), the works of Russian publicists and writers (G. Uspensky, N. Konshin, P. Bykov), archival materials of the Chancellery of the Steppe Governor-General from the funds of the Central State Archives of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as memoirs and scientific research of Soviet and contemporary authors. The methodological basis is based on historical-comparative, retrospective, and personality studies, which allowed us to identify cause-and-effect…
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Akmola Oblast
  topic: keywords
subject: historical consciousness
  topic: keywords
subject: Kazakh intelligentsia
  topic: keywords
subject: Omsk Cadet Corps
  topic: keywords
subject: resettlement policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Sultangazi Valikhanov
  topic: keywords
creator: А. Kashkimbaev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 А. Kashkimbayev https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 66
ending page: 79
doi: 10.65076/

Turkisms and Mongolisms in the work of Emir Rukn ad-din Baybars al-Mansuri al-Dawadar "Zubdat al-fikra fi tarih al-hijra"
type: item
description: The article attempts to present borrowed words in the work of a prominent representative of the Mamluk era – Emir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Mansuri al-Dauadar (died 1325), "Zubdat al-fikra fi tarih al-hijra" ("Cream of thoughts on the reckoning of the hijra"), an important historical chronicle of the 14th century for the Early Mamluk period. The value of the composition lies in the fact that the author himself is an eyewitness to many events. Occupying high posts in the Mamluk state, he owned the emerging situation in the internal and external arenas and had direct access to information. The work "Zubdat al-fikra fi tarih al-hijra" was first published in full in the original in Arabic in 1998 by D. Richardz. At the moment, it has not been translated into other languages​ in the world. Some of its fragments were translated into Russian. However, the composition is widely used among Mamluk scholars of various countries and serves as one of the main sources for the Mamluk era. As the name suggests, the information presented is arranged in chronological order and is based on the Muslim calendar – hijra. They include news of the death of famous personalities of the Muslim world, key events that took place in the described period in the region of North Africa, the Middle East, and also briefly cover the history of the Hulaguids, the Golden Horde, etc. In addition to its historical significance, the work in question is also of interest in terms of language and presentation style. During the complete translation of D. Richards' publication into Russian, we identified borrowings from various languages ​ ​ in the Arabic text. They are for the most part Persians, Turkisms and Mongolisms by the subject matter of the composition itself. As for the Persians, they act as an organic part of the vocabulary of the Arabic language of the Mamluk era. The purpose of this study is to show the presence of Turkisms in the text of "Teeth" and to justify their use. At the same time, according t…
subject: WORLD HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Mamluks
  topic: keywords
subject: Mongols
  topic: keywords
subject: Tatars
  topic: keywords
subject: Egypt
  topic: keywords
subject: the Middle Ages
  topic: keywords
subject: Early Bachrian period
  topic: keywords
subject: historical chronicle
  topic: keywords
subject: borrowing
  topic: keywords
subject: Turkisms
  topic: keywords
subject: Mongolisms
  topic: keywords
creator: S. Tuleubayeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 S. Tuleubayeva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 53
ending page: 68
doi: 10.65076/3105-0042.2025.1.53.68

Place of Chagatai Ulus and Mogulistan in the history of Kazakh ethnos: analysis of traditional historical memory of Kazakhs)
type: item
description: The subject of this study is the analysis of possible ethnogenetic connection of the population of Chagatai ulus and Mogulistan with the population of Semirechye of the Kazakh Khanate period. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the position that there is no direct continuity between the clan system of Mogulistan and the Elder Kazakh zhuz. The data of the historical memory of Kazakhs, preserved in the form of genealogical legends-shezhire and reflecting their own ideas about their origin and identity, were used for the analysis. Based on the genealogies, written record of which took place since the end of the 18th century, it can be seen that the Kazakhs of all three zhuzes connected their past exclusively with the ulus Dzhuchi and included representatives of the Dzhuchi dynasty - Dzhuchi/Zhayilkhan, Uzbek/Ozbek, Shiban/Sapian - in their genealogies. The genealogies of Kazakhs of the Elder Juz linked their origin with the legendary Maiky-biy, who had a real prototype - an associate of Juchi and Batu uyshun Maiky/Baiku. A number of clans of the Middle and Younger Juz may have originated from clan groups that were part of Mogulistan, but they do not reflect this fact in their genealogies. Genealogical legends of a number of different clans of the Elder, Middle and Younger zhuzes have many coincidences of both characters and plots. This suggests the unity of origin of some clans that later joined different Kazakh associations and the relatively late division into zhuzes and distribution of clans between zhuzes. Taking into account that in the 17th-18th century Kazakhs were displaced from the territory of Semirechye by Oirats and there was a constant redistribution of territory between different Kazakh clans, accompanied by their structural reformatting, there can be no direct ethnogenetic continuity between the population of Mogulistan and the Senior Kazakh zhuz. The historical connection with the ulus Dzhuchi can be traced not only in the historical memory of K…
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Chagatai ulus
  topic: keywords
subject: Mogulistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Ulus Dzhuchi
  topic: keywords
subject: historical memory
  topic: keywords
subject: ethnogenesis of Kazakhs
  topic: keywords
subject: clan system
  topic: keywords
creator: A. Kuzembayuly
creator: Ye. Abil
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 A. Kuzembayuly, Ye. Abil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 80
ending page: 95
doi: 10.65076/

The Role of Kipchaks in the Formation of the Karakalpak People: Settlement and Ethnic Characteristics of Kipchak Tribes
type: item
description: The role of the Kipchaks in the formation of the Karakalpak people has been analyzed, with special attention given to their ethnocultural characteristics within the Karakalpak composition and the territory of their settlement in the Southern Aral Sea region. The Kipchaks played a crucial role in the ethnic and cultural history of the Karakalpaks. Indeed, the Kipchaks left a significant imprint on the ethnic and cultural heritage of the Karakalpak people. Their influence was evident in various aspects, ranging from shaping the ethnic composition to impacting cultural traditions and economic practices. The settlement of the Kipchak tribes in the Southern Aral Sea region marked a crucial stage that influenced the formation of the Karakalpak people as an ethnic group. The Kipchak and Nogai elements in Karakalpak folklore are evident in storylines, characters, and motifs that reflect the traditions, values, and historical events of these peoples. This influence also emphasizes the close ties and interactions between these groups, which, in turn, enriched the cultural heritage of the Karakalpaks. One of the key indicators characterizing the level of Kipchakization is the inclusion of a particular people's languages in the Kipchak group of Turkic languages. As is known, the fourth period in the development of Turkic languages - the Middle Turkic period (10th-15th centuries) - is notable because it is precisely during this time that the foundation of all modern Turkic languages was formed. The degree of participation of Turkic-speaking ethnic components, tribal groups, clans, and tribal unions in the formation of the Karakalpak ethnos varied. Among the largest ethnic components, one can distinguish the Pechenegs, Oghuz, Kipchaks, Kangly, Kungrats, Mangyts, as well as numerous tribal groups integrated into the clan structure of the Karakalpaks. During the Golden Horde period, intercultural interaction between two distinct socio-cultural groups - settled and nomadic peoples -…
subject: WORLD HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: The Aral Sea region
  topic: keywords
subject: Middle Ages
  topic: keywords
subject: Kipchaks
  topic: keywords
subject: Karakalpaks
  topic: keywords
subject: tribal groups
  topic: keywords
subject: ethnic composition
  topic: keywords
subject: language
  topic: keywords
subject: folklore
  topic: keywords
subject: settlement patterns
  topic: keywords
creator: M. Davletiyarov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 M. Davletyarov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 29
ending page: 41
doi: 10.65076/3105-0042.2025.1.28.41

Specifics of the incorporation of Kalmyks (Kalmaks) within the Bashkirs and ethno-genetic links with Mongolian-speaking peoples
type: item
description: The process of incorporation within the Bashkirs took place not only through adoption but also through the formation of separate clan volosts by descendants of other ethnic groups, which is illustrated by the existence of the Oirat, Sart, Merkit, Kalmak, and other Bashkir volosts. A number of Bashkir tribal clans (tribes) include subdivisions (ara, naҫel) with the name ҡalmaҡ. Aim and objectives: the formation of the Kalmyk (Kalmak) clan within the Bashkirs and their ethno-genetic ties. In connection with the specified purpose, it is planned to carry out a complex analysis of the existing historiography on the subject of the realised research, to compare its materials with the data of ethno-genetic researches, to consider the questions of transformation of ethno-cultural identity and demographic development of Kalmyks (Kalmaks). Materials and methods: The main methods of the research were comparative-historical and retrospective analyses. The authors analysed a wide range of sources of already published scientific works and information from archives, including from the fund ‘Kalmyk cases of the Embassy Order’ of the Russian State Agency for Data Analysis and Data from regional archives. Results: the Oirats, who formed a separate Uirat (Oirat) volost in the Bashkir Trans-Urals in the XIII-XIV centuries, lost their compactness of residence due to a number of reasons and were completely incorporated into other clan groups of Bashkirs. They were not ancestors of the Bashkirs of the Kalmak clan (Kalmakskaya volost). Based on archival materials, an attempt is made to trace the fates of the families of Kalmyk origin - the founders of the Kalmak volost in the Trans-Ural region. The demographic development of the Kalmak clan group in the Trans-Ural region is analysed and information about other Kalmyk groups within the Bashkirs is noted. The ethnogenetic kinship of Bashkirs of Kalmyk descent with various ethnographic groups of Mongolian-speaking peoples and Kazakhs is analys…
subject: WORLD HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Kalmak volost
  topic: keywords
subject: “Ayukinsky Kalmyks”
  topic: keywords
subject: Kalmyks (Kalmaks)
  topic: keywords
subject: Bashkirs
  topic: keywords
subject: assimilation
  topic: keywords
subject: genetic research
  topic: keywords
subject: Y chromosome
  topic: keywords
creator: R. Asylguzhin
creator: E. Khabibulin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 R. Asilguzhin, E. Khabibullin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 7
ending page: 28
doi: 10.65076/3105-0042.2025.1.7.28

The Figure of Emir Edigu in Russian, Turkic, and Kazakh Historiography
type: item
description: This article examines the study and evaluation of the role of Amir Edigu, ruler of the Golden Horde (Ulugh Ulus) from 1396–1419 and supreme biy (beklerbek) of the Nogai Horde, within Soviet/Russian, Turkic, and Kazakh historiography. As the uluses under Amir Edigu's authority bordered the Russian state and maintained close interrelations, Russian written sources preserve abundant information concerning him. Russian sources report that legends about Edigu were recorded from the Kazakhs by G.I. Spassky and from the Nogais by A. Khodzko. Prominent Russian historians, such as B. Grekov and A. Yakubovsky, characterize Edigu negatively. Given that the Russian state existed under the dominion of the Golden Horde for 240 years, Russian historians depicted Amir Edigu, one of this ulus's rulers, as a cruel tyrant due to his repeated raids on Russian lands precipitated by the non–payment of tribute. Nevertheless, several researchers, including M. Saparghaliev, V. Trepavlov, and R. Pothekaev, offer a more objective assessment of Amir Edigu's personality. V. Trepavlov posits that Edigu founded the Nogai Ulus, which originated from the Golden Horde. He appears in historical chronicles under the titles “temnik”, “amir”, and “beklerbek”. The state formed in the 1390s was established in Western Kazakhstan, between the Zhaiyk (Ural) and Emba rivers, and subsequently expanded its territories. Sh. Ualikhanov, A. Margulan, along with scholars B. Ayagan and M. Alpysbes, maintain that Edigu was born in the settlement of Kumkent on the slopes of the Karatau mountains, and suggest that the Nogais may have migrated as far as Kyrgyzstan at some point. “Historical epic poems preserved in the people's memory play an important role in clarifying the figure of Edige”. Shokan Ualikhanov was the first, in the 19th century, to provide a scholarly analysis of the historical foundations of the epic common to the Turkic world. He noted, “The Zhir (Epic) of Edigu relates to events at the end of the 14th…
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Amir Temir
  topic: keywords
subject: Golden Horde
  topic: keywords
subject: Nogai Horde
  topic: keywords
subject: Toktamys
  topic: keywords
subject: historiography
  topic: keywords
subject: epic
  topic: keywords
subject: Emir Edige
  topic: keywords
creator: Zh. Kaliev
creator: S. Duisen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 J. Kaliev, S. Duisen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 122
ending page: 139
doi: 10.65076/3105-0042.2025.1.122.139

Information about the Bashkirs before the Mongol conquest
type: item
description: The history of the ethnogenesis of peoples constantly arouses great interest among researchers. The first written mentions of the ethnic group, information concerning their way of life, and descriptions of places of settlement help to reveal the stages of the formation of the people and reveal the full picture of ethnic history. A number of world-famous scientists have paid great attention to the history of the origin of the Bashkir people. This issue is examined in many ways in the works of leading researchers of the history and ethnogenesis of the Bashkirs, such as R.G. Kuzeev, N.A. Mazhitov, S.I. Rudenko, A.-Z.V. Togan. Based on the information contained in the works of medieval authors, in other well-known written sources, and archaeological research materials, the aforementioned scientists have studied various important stages of the development of the ethnic group. To study the geography of the settlement of the ancient Bashkir clans, the scientists have drawn on a wide range of Chinese, Arabic, Persian, and other sources. In this article, the analysis of the main views of leading scientists on the places of Bashkir settlements is made using the comparative historical method. Widely known published sources are used. They are the work of the Arab traveler Ibn Fadlan (10th century) and the dictionary of the Turkic languages of Mahmud Kashgari (11th century). The travel diary of Ibn Fadlan contains the earliest, detailed information about the language, customs, and places of settlement of the Bashkirs. The descriptions of the Arab traveler show that at the beginning of the 10th century, the majority of the Bashkirs, who were one of the Turkic ethnic groups, adhered to traditional beliefs. However, one of the guides accompanying their delegation was a Bashkir of the Muslim faith. In the notes of Ibn Fadlan, the hydronyms are clearly recorded, allowing us to outline the boundaries of residence of various ethnic groups. It should be noted that the Bashkir lands he d…
subject: WORLD HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Turks
  topic: keywords
subject: Bashkortostan
  topic: keywords
subject: ethnogenesis of Bashkirs
  topic: keywords
subject: Ural-Volga region
  topic: keywords
subject: Ibn Fadlan
  topic: keywords
subject: Mahmud Kashgari
  topic: keywords
subject: dictionary of Turkic languages
  topic: keywords
creator: А. Salikhov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 A. Salikhov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 42
ending page: 52
doi: 10.65076/3105-0042.2025.1.42.52